Greece+and+Rome

APPARTS charts on Athens and Sparta.

Primary Source Analysis Document: title Pericles’ funeral oration

– Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || Pericles (495 – 429 B.C.E). He was a well-respected young noble, who dominated Athenian politics and society during the 460s-420s B.C.E. He was a prominent and influential statesman, and general of Athens during the city’s Golden Age, specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. He wanted to exalt the name of Athens, that is why he also promoted the arts and literature and thought Athens was the best city so far. ||
 * Author
 * **Place**

"So died these men as became Athenians. You, their survivors, must be determined to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier outcome. “Comfort, therefore, not condolence, is what I have to offer to the parents of the dead who may be here…” || "...Take these as your model, and recognize that happiness comes from freedom and freedom comes from courage; never decline the dangers of war.” ||
 * – Where and when was it created - || In the winter of 431-430B.C.E after the opening battle of the Peloponnesian war. ||
 * Prior Knowledge
 * What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant?** || The Peloponnesian war was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Although Athens was, at the beginning of the war, the most powerful and settled city-state, when the war came to an end, Sparta emerged as the leading Greek city-state. ||
 * Audience
 * Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims?** || Athenians. Pericles addressed not only the soldiers that had survived the first battle, but also the relatives of those soldiers who had died.
 * Reason for Creation
 * What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote** || He wanted to make sure that the people understood that those who had died, had done so with honor because they fought for their state, and that dying for Athens was totally worth it because it was the best structured state. And to ensure that people would support him with the war.
 * The Main Idea
 * Support with quotes** || Athens was the best city-state that existed, therefore, it is worth dying for, and thus, keep fighting to enlarge the city further. ||
 * Significance
 * How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible** || This speech is significant because it shows us, how leaders persuaded people in order to get them to support what they do as the government. Also, that a government always is going to put the other governments down, glorifying its own state, so that patriotism would grow among the people. It also tells us that rivalry between societies, to gain control over others, had been the cause of the wars, until nowadays. ||

Primary Source Analysis Document: Plutarch historical excerpt on Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver

– Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || Plutarch. Born around on 45 C.E. He was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist and middle Platonist, known primarily for his //Parallel lives.// || What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || Although Lycurgus is not proven to existed, the changes he is credited with are real. According to the document, Sparta was mainly a militaristic city-state. And Lycurgus made several changes to the political and social life of Sparta, making Sparta the most || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || Future generations of Spartans, or even other societies rather than the Greek, to let them know how Sparta changed, and how this changes might have affected the relationships with other city-states (like Athens) and to keep records of the historical changes. “Among the many innovations which Lycurgus made, the first and most important was his institution of a senate, or Council of Elders, which, as Plato says, by being blended with the "feverish" government of the kings, and by having an equal vote with them in matters of the highest importance, brought safety and due moderation into counsels of state.” || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || To keep records of how Sparta came to be what it used to be, how it was constituted and how it was ruled. To let know that they were a strong and powerful city-state, that they were based on a military life, || Support with quotes || Sparta created a senate, that kept the state of coming the rule of tyranny. It also had the most rigid and strong military force. And it also gave its citizens the feeling of patriotism and loyalty towards Sparta. “...The training of the Spartans lasted into the years of full maturity. No man was allowed to live as he pleased, but in their city, as in a military encampment, they always had a prescribed regimen and employment in public service, considering that they belonged entirely to their country and not to themselves.” || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || This document is significant because it gives information of how Sparta became such a militaristic state. It tells us why it was so important to Spartans to be warriors. And that they wanted to conquer other territories by force. ||
 * Author
 * Place
 * – Where and when was it created - ||  ||
 * **Prior Knowledge**
 * **Audience**
 * **Reason for Creation**
 * **The Main Idea**
 * **Significance**

Compare and contrast main features of Athens and Sparta. Athens and Sparta are the most known and important city-states that were part of classical Greece. Athens is often more associated with philosophy, arts and democracy, and Sparta with military power. However, they both were warring states, but Sparta developed more military strategy. Also, both city-states settled on strong political and social bases, and developed greatly art (in form of architecture) and philosphies. All of their advancements allowed them to be called the birthplace of western culture, especially because some of their discoveries are of great influnce on nowadays life. They both developed well-structured societies, with different classes, but with a certain equality of rights for everyone, even for women.

ESPIRIT on Rome

ESPIRIT Chart You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Group ________________Rome_________________ Time Period____________________________800 B.C.E. 476 C.E_________________

Trade played a big role Traded mainly grains, luxury products Some trade with China and India Slavery was also key: working in the mines, looking for precious metals || Tight family structure Women had great influence and power within a household Law and culture: women were held inferior Patriarchy (??) husbands could punish, even kill their wives if something wrong was done || People gathered in assemblies to choose magistrates, who would represent their interests The senate: all members held all executive offices in the Roman State The consuls shared primary executive power Created its first code of law “the twelve tables” around 450 B.C.E. In time of crisis, they choose a dictator to put order, until everything came back to normal. Less structured than Han China. Created an empire, all of its territories were ruled by a single government ||    Warring empire [like Sparta was in its time]     Ÿ They conquered several territories, as far as Spain to Africa    Ÿ The father was in control of the family, women had some control over some businesses. Ÿ Romans came together in stadiums to entertain themselves, with gladiators for example. Romans in other territories had this opportunity also available. Ÿ || Polytheism: they had several gods and goddesses. Each one control a part of nature: Venus, love; the sun, Apollo; Neptune, the oceans and so on. Politics and religion were related: government imposed to do the rituals of worshiping Lack of spiritual passion They did not create a religion like India and China did They did not have en ethic system to followed Christianity was not accepted at the beginning because it did not dictate loyalty to the state, like Roman government and religion did. || Religion inspired themes for artistic expression || Huge temples to worship their gods ||
 * E || Farming was the most common economic activity
 * S || Merchants had a high position in society: lower than that in India, but higher than that in China
 * P || Republic
 * I ||   Ÿ
 * R || The state supported an official religion, but didn’t impose it.
 * I || Philosophy separated from religion
 * T || Engineering achievements: great roads and aqueducts

Questions? Is it more accurate to treat Greece and Rome separately, or as a whole civilization “Mediterranean civilization“?


 * Rome and athens comparison [[file:greece rome summary.doc]]**

GREECE AND ROME In the Mediterranean shore, two societies quite different and alike developed and were part of the Mediterranean civilization. Greek society was the first to use the term democracy, and had great figures, like Aristotle, in the branches of philosophy, and Pericles, in politics. In the other hand, Rome, though took several of the legacy left by the Greeks, they established a republic, and did not focus that much in culture, but in engineering advancements and politics.

Because of the geography, Greece could not establish a united government for all the city-states it was constituted of. . They thought it would be difficult for only one government to lead all the divided territory and its several colonies. However, they used to give the citizens the power of **direct democracy,** since they were allowed to gather every certain period of time to discuss several issues. Each city-state had its own government and common cultural forms. Sparta and Athens were the leading city-states. Sparta with a strong military force, and aristocracy on power. Athens was known for being more a commercial state than a militaristic one. However, they both were engaged several times in war with each other and with the neighbor Persian empire, that was always trying to conquer the Mediterranean civilization.

Rome established a republic. They inherited from the Greeks the idea of the **Senate,** that was the assembly who held power. Roman government passed the first written code of law for the Mediterranean society, **the Twelve tables.** These regulated property rights and commerce, allowing the Roman conquered territories to have a united system, and therefore to create an empire. Neither Greece nor Rome created a single religion as their counterparts in India and China did. Their belief was the existence of gods and goddesses, who rather than give an ethic moral to follow, gave people tales to tell, like soap operas. However, the government was strongly linked to religion. It was important to follow the established rituals of worshiping. This was a relationship that the government was benefited on, because the people should always put the state first, according to these beliefs. That is the main reason why Romans gave such a hard time to Christians, because Christianity did not enforce a loyalty to the government.

Even though the Mediterranean people referred to foreigners as barbarians, they were very expansionist. Greece set up several colonies, so that they could use foreign land for agriculture, which was the base of the economy. And also established trade with other societies, including China. Rome was even more expansionist than its former Greece. Rome established a vast empire, not only in Europe, but also in Africa, that Romans would use as a warehouse for the grain produced in other lands. **Rome/Greece keyterms **

Alexandria || Greeks were known as the Hellenes. During this period, Greek art and culture merged with other Middle East forms. Trade flourished and important scientific centers were established. ||
 * Cyrus the great || By 550 established the Persian empire across the northern middle east and into northwester India. ||
 * Zoroastrianism || New religion created by the Persians ||
 * Peloponnesian Wars || Conflict between Athens and Sparta to gain control over entire Greece ||
 * Philip II of Macedon || He won the crucial battle in 338 BCE during the Peloponnesian wars, he conquered the Greek cities because they were weakened by the fact that they were fighting with each other. ||
 * Hellenistic Period
 * Roman Republic || Roman aristocrats drove out the monarchy in central Italy around 509 and established a more elaborate political system for their city-state. ||
 * Punic Wars (264-146 bce) || War fought against the city of Carthage. Roman conquest spread more widely. They took over the entire western Mediterranean along with Greece and Egypt. ||
 * Hannibal || Carthaginian general who was defeated by the Romans during the Punic wars. ||
 * Julius Caesar (45 bce) || A general who sought power in Rome. He ended the traditional institutions of the Roman state. ||
 * Augustus Caesar (27 bce) || Julius’ grandnephew. He established the basic structures of the Roman empire. ||
 * Constantine || Under his rule, the Roman empire adopted Christianity around in 313. ||
 * Direct democracy || In Athens, the major decisions of state were made by general assemblies in which all citizens could participate. ||
 * Senate || The most important legislative body of Rome. Composed mainly by aristocrats, they held virtually all executive offices in Roman state ||
 * Consuls || Shared primary executive power. ||
 * The twelve tables || The first Roman code of law, that regulated property rights and commerce, so unified all the roman territories. ||
 * Donic, Ionic, Corinthian || Greeks’ three embellishments for the tops of columns supporting their massive buildings. ||