20th+Century+Nationalism

﻿**1)** __The big changes __ The 20tn century was characterized for the emerging of new political forms: some sort of democracy or totalitarian governments (which could be communist or fascist). New kinds of leaders were needed, since the aristocracy was eliminated. With new political forms, many parts of the world made big effots to place themeselves in the wolrd economy, they did not want ot be left behind. This was obvious as many regions joined the industrial wave of Europe and America. Others, took advantage of new control over vital resources, such as oil. Some, decided to cut off the dependence on imports and start to ignite internal economy by national manufacturing. The ones that changed the most were China, India and Brazil. China became a global manufacturing engine. India increased its exports and Brazil became the fourth largest computer exporter. Cultural change was seen as well. Nationalims gained ground among several peoples, and Marxism as well. In the West and Japan, however, leadership in consumer values and a faith in consumerism arose, which later on, during the cold war, became the competition of Marxism. Cultural debates focused more in gender. The 20th century saw important movements toward increase in opportunities in education, legal rights and political participation for women. A new round of globalization ocurred in the second half of the century. Technologies promoting further contacts continued to accelerate, however, and many countries changed dramatically after World War II. A massive network of international nongovernamental organizations emerged, as well as multinational corporations. Population growth set up the path for a great wave of migration from all over the world to key places, such as the US and western Europe. Another issue that arose during this century was the environment. Human impact on the environment increased rapidly, as industrialization also spread.

__Continuities __ Despite the fact that many countries had fallen into the industrial wave, others, however, still continued to focus on low-cost production of raw materials and foods. Trade for Africa, Latin America, and southeast Asia was still under the control of the industrial countries. Many rural regions maintained older economic and social forms. Change was not always welcomed in many parts of the world. Older beliefs and religions would be barriers to change, for example, about gender equality. Other continuity was the fact that many countries, as they accepted changes, they tried to blend the new stream with their traditions. The United States continued to defend its sovereignty, and that is why it remained outside of international agreements. China, for example, continued to place an special emphasis on order and conformity. Russia continued to be the leader of the strong tsarits political systems, which were all characterized by being intolerant to internal opposition and criticism.

__Causes of World War I __
 * 2) **
 * Alliances: Russia, France and Britain allied because of Germany's growing economic and military power; Triple Entente. The counteralliance was formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (but Italy actually entered the conflict as part of the Triple Entente); Central Powers.
 * The alliance system, was embittered by the atmosphere created by imperial rivalries.
 * The rivalries heightened nationalist sentiments in each country.
 * Jingoism: warlike nationalist sentiments that spread among the middle and working classes throughout Europe.
 * Imperialism and the alliance system were directly linked to the arms races throughout Europe. The increasingly naval rivalry was the most fiercely embraced. Germany wanted to build a navy able to compete with Britain's. This motivated Britain to ally with France and Russia, to some extent, control Germany's ambitions.
 * Armies grew steadily in size and firepower, and practice maneuvers to implement in the event of the outbreak of a war.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; overflow: hidden;">Most of the industrial nations, and those in the process of industrialization, faced growing social unrest. Strikes, trade unions, socialist parties emerged. The military expansion was justified because it provided employment for the working classes and huge profits to industrialists who were pillars of support for each of the European regimes.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; overflow: hidden;">The Balkan states were the center of attention of the tension among European nations.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; overflow: hidden;">In 1914, Gavriel Princip (Serb nationalist) assassinated Arcuduke Ferdinand (from Austria-Hungary) because of the continuous advance on Serbia.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; overflow: hidden;">As Russia declared its support Serbia, the alliance system came into play, and that changed the nature of the war, from a regional war, to a general European war.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; overflow: hidden;">Military mobilization started in late July 1914. Germany had devised to attack France first, then Russia. To attack France, the Germans planned to invade Belgium, and Britain intended to defend Belgium from the Germans, so the massive war was on.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; overflow: hidden;">As Britain entered the conflict, British ally Japan and colonies such as Australia, New Zealand and Canada were brought directly into the war.


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; overflow: hidden;">3) **

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; overflow: hidden;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; overflow: hidden;">This cartoon shows the "boiling point" of European tensions. All the leaders on the pot lid represent all the powers interested in the Balkan's problems. Somehow, the outbreak of the Balkan troubles would affect alll the European nations, as some were trying to stop others from their empire-building policy. This generated divisions and tensions, because some countries supported the Balkan states to become independent, but others were against it, because they wanted to impose their rule, and this last being represented by the two men standing in the back, that are not holding the lid, maybe they would like the thing to explote.The pot, about to explote, represents that the tensions in the Balkan states are reaching an intolerance point, that is going to bring an outcome for them and for all European nations around them. If the pot explotes, then the men on the lid would be affected, because they would fall, but the men in the back would take advantage and maybe would like to get some "soup" (maybe territorial gains or military expansion). Basically, the cartoon is kind of showing that one of the reasons of World War I was the problematic stage set by the Balkan states as they wanted independence from the Ottomans.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">4) Read the 14 points.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">· How does the introduction relate to the causes of WWI? <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">· What does Wilson suggest was the reason for American entry into the war? <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">· How would you summarize the main objectives of the 14 Points? <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">· How might the colonies of Britain and France react to the 14 points? <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">1) The introduction relates to the causes of WWI by mentioning the alliances that started the war. And how the territories are supposed to be divided. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">2) America wanted to defend the sovereignty of the little Balkan states. Certain rights were violated. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">3) The main purpose of the 14 points would be to end up with the rivalries among the countries by allowing equal opportunities of trade and development. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">4) The colonies would react positively because it would allow the end of the monopolies instituted by their governments, thus allowing the countries to develop fully without their European intervention.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">INDIA

**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">NATIONALIST ASSAULT ON THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL ORDER **  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">During WWI, European powers actually fought each other in the colonies.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">African and Asian soldiers served on the Western front, as well as in Egypt, Palestine and Mesopotamia. The colonies also supplied food for the populations as well as raw materials.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The British encouraged an expansion of industrial production in India, to supplement the output of their overextended home factories.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">European vulnerability it was obvious during the war. They also saw the need to leave their privileged positions in the colonies, leaving African and Asian administrators in charge, enjoying real responsibility for the first time.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">To maintain loyalty or to gain new support, the British and French made many promises regarding the post war settlement.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The social and economic problems caused by the war in colonies such as Egypt, India and Ivory Coast were key to ignite ant colonial movements.

**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">India: the makings of the nationalist challenge of the British Raj **  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">By the end of the 19th century, western-educated minority of India and the Philippines had been organized politically.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The Indian nationalist movement pioneered patterns of nationalist challenge and European retreat, because of its role in the British empire.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Key themes such as the lead taken by western-educated elites and the reliance on nonviolent forms of protest were repeated in other colonial settings as well.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">National Congress Party: led the Indians to independence and governed through most the early decades of the postcolonial era.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The congress Party’s debates and petitions to the government were dominated by elite-centric issues. Most of the members were firmly loyal to the British rulers.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Growing virulence of British racism created concern, however, from many western-educated Indians.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The Indian’s shared grievances, their similar educations and class backgrounds, and their growing contacts through the congress gave rise to a sense of common Indian identity.

**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Social foundations of a mass movement **  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The British rule had generated social and economic disruptions that produced substantial numbers of recruits for the nationalist campaigns.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Indian businessmen were angry at the British favoritism for British investors to establish trade policies in India.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">A large portion of India’s budget to cover expenses of the British army, the Indian people also paid for the salaries and pensions of British administrators.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Radical Indian nationalists frequently charged that the British were indifferent to the suffering by food shortages and epidemic diseases, and they did not do enough to ameliorate the situation.

**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The rise of militant nationalism **  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The first issues of Indian nationalists leaders were appealing to Hindus.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">These actions created some sort of divisions between Hindus and Muslims, who made up nearly 25% of Indian population.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">B.G Tilak: nationalism should be built on appeals to Hindu religiosity.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The other threat to the British in India came from Hindu communalists who advocated the violent overthrow of the colonial regime.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The terrorists’ small numbers and limited support rendered them highly vulnerable to British repressive measures.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The removal of Tilak and the terrorists strengthened the more moderate politicians of the Congress. Their approach was appealing in part of the British.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Morly-Minto reforms (1909) provided educated Indians with considerably opportunities both to vote and to serve on local and all-India legislative councils.

**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The emergence of Gandhi and the spread of Nationalist struggle **  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">During WWI, India played a key role for Britain. Indian princes offered substantial war loans, provided Indian soldiers and sold British war bonds.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Inflation hit severely the Indian population. Many localities suffered famines.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">After the end of the war in 1918, moderate Indian politicians were frustrated by the British not fulfilling their promises.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (1919) increased powers of Indian legislators and placed provincial administrations under Indians’ control.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Rowlatt Act: restrictions on civil right, such as freedom of the press.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Mohandas Gandhi, emerged as a new leader who soon forged this localized protest into a sustained all India campaign against the policies of the colonial overlords.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Gandhi’s qualities of understanding of British strengths and weaknesses, and his blend of western education and traditional Hindu aspects, and his ability to negotiate with Britain made it possible to build up a strong following among the middle classes and western-educated Indians. Under his leadership, nationalist protest surged in India during the 1920’s and 1930’s.

**<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The winning of independence in South and Southeast Asia **  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The Quit India movement began in the summer of 1942: renewal of mass civil disobedience campaigns.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The British responded with repression, and arresting leaders such as Gandhi..  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The Muslim League rallied to British cause. Leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah won support from the British. Their relationship became a key component of the struggle for the decolonization in South Asia.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">WWII had similar effects in India than WWI.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Jinnah and the league started to build a mass following among Muslims, in order to create a separate Muslim state (Pakistan).  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The British agreed to the partitions of the subcontinent, and gave the congress party power over India and to Jinnah the power over Pakistan.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">India’s independence inspired similar movements in Ghana, Nigeria and other African colonies in the 1950’s and 1960’s.  <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The defeat of the most powerful imperial powers also mean the weakening of other imperial nations such as the Netherlands, France and the US.

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MIDDLE EAST I think this is the middle east because geographically is located in the middle of Eurasia, and because I associate middle east with Muslim countries, and these countries have that feature in common. AFRICA