From+hunting-gathering+to+civilization

=﻿HUNTING-GATHERING= **__ Primary Source Analysis __** __ Document: HAMMURABI’S LAW CODE __
 * 1) ====Definition of civilization====
 * 2) ESPIRIT chart on civilization (together as a class
 * 3) Hammurabi's law code[[file:APPARTS chart.doc]]

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || The earliest code of laws. The code established rules of procedures among the population: property rights, duties of family members. || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || All the Babylonians: people living Hammurabi’s rule. People might have received the code well because it gave them a guideline to follow, with justice for all, and the opportunity to question the accused “guilt” of someone, for example: “if a man has accused a man and has charged him…. and then has not proved it against him, his accuser shall be put to death” allows to question the guilt of the accused, and restricts the right to accuse someone without proof. || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote ||  Hammurabi might have seen that people were disrespecting their ranks and their social position (women to men, slaves to free, traders and so on). Also, he might have seen that some were taking advantage of their position to accuse unfairly. Examples: “If a free person helps a slave to escape, the free person will be put to death.” “If the slave of a free man strikes the cheek of a free man, they shall cut off his ear.” “If that woman has not kept herself chaste but enters another man’s house, they shall convict that woman and cast her into the water.” || Support with quotes ||  Justice is necessary in an established society to govern and to make sure the people may prosper. “… me to give justice to the people of the land and to let them have good governance, I set forth truth and justice throughout the land and prospered the people” || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible ||  This code is significant because it shows us, as historians, that this ancient civilization had the concept that in a society there is the need of rules for the people to follow, rules that guides the relations among each other (Babylonians), and with other people. ||
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? ||  Hammurabi as king of Babylon.  ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - ||  Babylon: empire in the Middle East in today’s Iraq. Written around 1750 B.C.E.  ||
 * ** Prior Knowledge **
 * ** Audience **
 * ** Reason for Creation **
 * ** The Main Idea **
 * ** Significance **


 * 1) ESPIRIT on a Mesopotamian society (Sumer)[[file:ESPIRIT.doc]]

** ESPIRIT Chart ** You must include main ideas and details in each category Civilization/Nation/Gro                    up ______Sumer (Mesopotamia)______________________ Time Period __around 3500 B.C.E_______________

 Ur was the major center for trade.  Temples were the chief employer and location for commercial activity. ||  Most women raised children: no protection of the law. ||  Limits were defined by canals and boundary stones.  Each state was centered on a temple dedicated to a particular god, and ruled by a priest governor or by the king. ||  Each Sumerian city has its patron god.  Polytheists.  They believed their existence was to delight the gods.  Priests were in temples and conducted the rituals, that included animal sacrifices.  Gods were anthropomorphic and represented various natural phenomenon. ||  Sumerians loved music: important part of religious and civic life. Lyres were popular.  Architecture: “ziggurats” large layered platforms which supported temples. Developed the arch. ||  Wheel around 3500 B.C.E     They were among the first to use bronze: traded bronze tools.  Cuneiform writing.  Demography: urbanism and population growth due to increased birth rate, immigrations from rural areas to centers, adoption of sedentism.  Uruk had 25000 people by 3100 B.C.E and 50000 by 2900 B.C.E ||
 * E  ||   Farming, trade and commerce were the base of the economy: traded crops such as barley, wheat and wool.
 * S  ||   Social classes: Upper class (nobles, priests, government officials and warriors), freemen (merchants, traders and artisans), slaves.
 * P  ||   Divided into about a dozen independent city-states.
 * I  ||   Established trade relationships especially. Centered on the Persian gulf, today’s Lebanon and Mozambique.  ||
 * R  ||   Astrology strongly linked to religion.
 * I  ||   Pottery: very plentiful; form of vases, bowls and dishes were manifold.
 * T  ||   Invented plow around 6000 B.C.E

 ** From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations **
 * 1) Key terms chapter 1[[file:From_Hunting_and_Gathering_to_Civilizations.doc]]

|| The development of agriculture. Revolution because of the magnitude of change it involved. ||  ||  The discovery of metal tools. By about 3000bce metalworking displaced the use of stone tools. ||  ||  Neolithic village in southern Turkey; founded about 7000bce. Developed activities like tool making and jewelry. Traded to keep peace. Produced everything it consumed. ||  ||  Societies with enough economic surplus to form divisions of labor and a social hierarchy involving significant inequalities. Also, involves the emergence of formal political organizations. ||  ||  Massive towers built by Sumerians that formed the first monumental architecture in their civilization. It means “mountain of god” or “hill of heaven”. ||  ||  independent political unit consisting of a city and surrounding countryside; were ruled by a the king, who claimed divine authority. ||  ||  People who invaded the Mesopotamian territory by 3500bce who developed a cuneiform alphabet, sculpture, political structures in city-states, and improved their region’s agriculture. ||  ||  Babylonian king that introduced the most famous early code of law, which used the ideology of “eye for an eye”, and social ranks to govern and rule people. ||  ||  Yellow river civilization in China that developed in considerable isolation, although it established some trade contact with India and the Middle East. They were the subject of much later Chinese legend: recorded part-fact, part-fiction history of their early kings. ||  ||  One of the centers where river valley civilizations emerged. By 2500bce, it was supporting large cities like Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. People living in this region had trading contact with Mesopotamia. ||
 * Neolithic Revolution
 * Bronze Age
 * Catal Huyuk
 * Civilization
 * Ziggurats
 * City States
 * Sumerians
 * Hammurabi
 * Huanghe
 * Indus River

Summary chapter 1 **__ FROM HUNTING AND GATHERING TO CIVILIZATIONS: NEOLITIHIC REVOLUTION  __** Neolithic revolution is called to the process of which agriculture took the place as the main activity of nomads, by which they began to settle, and thus, the first civilizations began to appear. Agriculture could support larger and more established groups, and as farmers began to cut out forests, hunting was being limited and like that, agriculture was spreading. Like this, large groups of people adopted this new system, and they became civilizations. Civilization refers to societies with enough economic surplus to form divisions of labor and a social structure. The first civilization started to develop writing around 3500 B.C.E. This allowed to organize the political structures because the could send messages, keep records, tax, make contracts and treaties. The earliest civilizations were Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian and the Chinese. The first Mesopotamians had a coordination among their communities in order to control and take care of the irrigation systems, and this served as the basis for complex political structures. By 3500 B.C.E, Sumerians, who lived in the Mesopotamian region, had developed a cuneiform alphabet. They also had very complex architectural structures called ziggurats, which were used in their religious rituals. Politics were based on their city-states. Other people who lived in the Mesopotamian region were the Babylonians, whose king, Hammurabi, wrote the first law code. Along the Nile River, Egyptian civilization emerged. The pharaoh was the maximum authority. In Egypt, however, economy was more government controlled that in Mesopotamia, where there was more independent business. Their pyramids were their architectural masterpieces. The Indus and Chinese civilizations, though created some kind of isolation, they kept trading contacts with each other. In conclusion, agriculture set up the stage for early societies to form the first civilizations.