Nationalism,+Imperialism+and+Industrialization

__**//NATIONALISM //**__ Who? German protestants, Lutheran Sweden against their Holy Roman Emperor, backed by Spain. What? The treaty that brought to an end the Thirty Years war in Germany. When? The war started in 1618 and the treatry was agreed in 1648. Where? In Germany. Why? The Protestant and Catholic Reformations ended with the Christian unity of western Europe. Religious wars broke out because of the protestants and christian's differences. The protestant community in Germany allied with Lutheran Sweden to ensure their rights that were being cut back. the treary agreed to territorial tolerance concept. Each territory would decide what religion to adopt. The treaty also helped Protestant Netherlands to gain its independence from Spain. ﻿Sovereignty= right to control what happens within borders. Development of strong nation-states= strong identities: nationalism.
 * 1 **. **Treaty of Westphalia**

**2. Nationalism**: nationalism is the sense of pride of belonging to a country. Patriotism, loyalty to a country. __<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Unification of Italy __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The count Camilo di Cavour started the unification of Italy in 1858. The alliance with France allowed him to attack the Austrian control in some northern Italian provinces. This war set in motion a nationalist rebellion, and Cavour was able to unite most of Italy under the Piedmontese King. This caused a reduction of the political power the pope, who was against the nationalist ideals.

__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Unification of Germany __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Prussia's prime minister Otto von Bismarck started a series of wars in the 1860's that expanded Prussian power in Germany. The Danish incorporation of two German provinces allowed him to justify the Prussian and Autrian defeat of Denmark. Then, he declared war on Austria. The final war against France led to outright German unity in 1871. The German Empire had a national parliament with a lower house based on universal male suffrage and an upper house that favored conservative state governments. This was to win support from liberals and conservatives.

__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Zionism __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Zionist movement was meant to encourage Jews to return to their Middle East Land. After World War I, Britain took control of Palestine, and has promised of a Jewish homeland. Lord Balfour, the British foreign secretary promised Zionist leaders that his government would promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. this fed Zionist aspirations of the Jewish return to the Middle East. This was a response to the persecution of the Jews of Eastern Europe. Zionist organization were founded to promote Jewish migration to Palestine, because they believed they would never be accepeted by Christian European nations. However, the Arab showed hostility to the emigrant Jews, because it felt betrayed by Britain. Thus, many British officials thought that the pledges done to the Zionists had been wrong. This led to a mistrust from the Zionist towards British policies.

__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Brazilian Independence __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Brazil had become one of the most prosperous and productive of the colonies. Brazilians did not really have uprisings, because they fear of a social revolution or a Haitian-style general slave uprising. The determining factor was the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal. The Portuguese royal family sailed to Brazil. They established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese empire. Brazil gained the same status as Portugal, and all the functions of the royal government were set up there. Brazil was more opened to world commerce, thus satisfying the desires of the Brazil elite. The transfer of the court brought royal government closer and reinforced the colonial relationship. When Napoleon was defeated, the king was recalled to return to Portugal, and left his son in charge of Brazil. He declared independence in September 1822, and became clear <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">that Brazil's new status was doomed.

__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Monroe Doctrine __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The Monroe doctrine, developed in 1823, warned against European meddling in the Americas, but iwas British policy and naval power that kept the hemisphere free from new colonialism. The United States remained focus into creating a new political system, internal commercial growth and industrialization. American diplomacy was not particularly influencial outside the West, however. America continued to follow European imperialist patterns, and continued to borrow technology. But these developments confirmed the role of this new giant.

__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Argentine Republic __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The United provinces of the Rio de la Plata declared their independence in 1816, but soon split apart and local caudillos dominated each region. In Buenos Aires, the liberals gained control and passed a series of broad reforms. But their sin was centralism. The cnetralist provoked the federalists, who under Juan Manuel de Rosas had instituded a weak central government. But he campaigned against the American indians, fighting agains their "ignorance". In 1852 Rosas was defeated. In 1853, a new constitution was issued and guaranteed national unity through the power of the presidency over the provincial governors. By 1862, Argentine Republic had emerged, and entered a period of prosperity and growth. Along with the economic prosperity, came an increased feeling of national unity. The war with Paraguay created a sense of unity and national pride.

__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Balkan Nationalism __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The small Balkan nations had won their independence from the Ottoman Empire, and as Turkish power declined, local nationalism rose, and the nations were intenseley hostile to one another. Their nationalism threatened Austria, and they engaged into two internal wars. The territorial gains were the reason for the rising disputes. When a Serbian nationalist assassinated an Austrian achduke on behalf of Serbian claims, Austria vowed to punish Serbia. And this was the beginninf of World War I.


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">3. Summary **

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">By the end of the 19th century, and beginnings of the 20th, a sense of nationalism had already grown all over the world, but in different ways. People were proud of belonging to a certain country, and all of them wanted to watch for that country’s own interests. This eventually led to an economic prosperity, and advances in industrialization, but it would also lead to long-term disputes. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">In Europe, for example, nationalism led to the emerging of powerful states such as Italy and Germany. The unification of these two countries was a nationalist triumph, as people from the same race and language got together. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">In the Americas, the sense of nationalism led to the emerging of new, independent countries, such as Brazil and Argentina. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The increasing sense of nationalism, however, led to a rising of disputes and disagreements among the countries and different peoples. The Jews, for example, were fighting for their return to the Middle East, but that caused problems with Britain and the Arabs of Palestine. The Balkan nationalism would be the main cause of World War I. In general, the sense of nationalism led to the pride and unity of several countries, but also led to several conflicts in order to watch their own interests.


 * //__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">INDUSTRIALIZATION __//**

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">4. From the 3 charts, the most significant is the iron production statistics. This is important because at this time, industrialization was rising, and in order to get the economies going, new processes were created to improve and to accelerate the making of goods such as iron. And is also important because iron is involved with the creation of new technologies. So, if a country produces more iron and is able to export it, it will have a better economy and better industrial and technological positions. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">All 3 charts tells us how industrialization played an important role in the involvement of the countries in the world trade and how it helped to improve the life of their inhabitants, since their life-span increased as well.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">5. What was the industrial revolution? <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">A revolution in production, transport and communications that expanded all over the world starting by the late eighteenth century. It transformed the way people worked, shifting the focus from home to factories, and giving new roles to men and women. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">What was its origins? <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Its origins relied on Enlightenment ideas of progress and rationality, the increase in population and the demand for processed goods such as cotton and iron. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">What were its major effects? <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">the major effects were that the rates of production increased, because in less time it could be done more. The change of the focus on agriculture and now taken in factories, and contributed to the rise of big cities. It also gave new roles to workers, and to women. They were exploited most of the times, but as time went by, they could organize and ask for rights and were given new opportunities.

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">﻿Different populated areas. India and Australia, good examples of it. India was already populated, and the British took over the government to control it. In Australia, settlement from British was required to populate it.
 * //__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">IMPERIALISM __//**
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">7. **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">The map and the charts of extent of colonial control and percentage of territories belonging to certain colonial powes show us the extent of imperialism at this time. The establishment of colonies allowed the countries to open to different markets, goods and the opportunity to set military or naval bases to protect national territory. The empire building policy of several of the countries meant power, translated into economic growth, but also meant becoming enemies.


 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">8. **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Imperialism is the belief that countries must colonize and take over other territories and submite them to a rule. This empire building position is based on domination, subordination, and the desire to have the most territory occupied.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">a) Nationalism: the strong feeling of loyalty and pride of belonging to a country created the sense of needing more territory to extend the country's power and growth. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">b) Rivalries: the rising nationalism led to the rise of conflicts among the countries. The governments engaged themselves into an imperialist race, to see what country was the strongest to dominate more territories. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">c) Economic growth: imperialism would give the opportunity to be acepted into other markets and be exposed to new goods and raw materials (needed to supply the rising of industrialization), and to boos the national economy.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">9. **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Motivations for imperialism

__<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">British East India company __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Monopoly inspired company settled in India by the British. It was given government monopoly of the trade in the designated territory, but it was not directly supervised by the government. It played an important role in Indian politics. __ Sepoys __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">﻿Indian troops recruited by the British to rely on when dealing with conflicts between local princes and the directors fo the British East company. __<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">British Raj __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">It is the name given to the British political establishment in India.Created fierce global rivalry between Britain and France. __<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Partition of Africa/Berlin Conference __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">European division of AFrica at the end of the 19th century to establish colonies. __<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Settlement colonies __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Second major type of European overseas possession, with different patterns of European occupations and the indigenous response. Characterized by the settlement of Europeans into the colonies, making up most of the population in colonies with small numbers of native inhabitants. __<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">White dominions __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">British labeled colonization pattern. Good portion of the land area but only a minority of the population of Britain. __<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Cecil Rhodes __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">British entrepeneneur who made his way into the Boear Republics when diamonds where discovered in that region. This British immigration into the republics rose even higher after gold was discovered and led to political tensions. __<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">James Cook __ <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Captain whose voyages (from 1777-1779) opened the Western way to the island of Hawaii. At first, he was welcomed as god, but a later visit ended with Cook's life. His voyages influenced the local Hawaiian prince to adopt Western Ways.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">10. **<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">Define each term in your own words.

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">11. **
 * Country ||  || How Britain gained control - steps to conquest ||   || Actions taken by Britain when in control/ power ||   || Effects/ Reactions ||


 * India (note this will be more notes than the following two nations.) ||  || * Establishment of the British East India company.
 * The British Raj: political establishment.
 * Robert Clive won the control of the fertile and populous kingdom of Bengal.
 * Movement inland from the 3 cities where Britain ruled directly: Calcutta, Madras and Bombay.
 * ||  || * Left defeated princes on thrones of their states and to control through agents in the court.
 * ||  || * Local princes continued to fight against each other despite the rising fo the British Raj.
 * Many Indians were eager to serve in the British regiments. ||


 * South Africa ||  || * Captured Cape Town in the 1790's from the Dutch.
 * Invasion of the the two Boer republics as diamonds and gold were discovered. British immigration rose very high. ||  || * Evangelical missionary efforts
 * Established a second major outpost at Durban, in Natal.
 * British miners and financiers grew resentful of the efforts to limit their numbers and their civil rights.
 * The Boer war: gave an ultimate victory to the British over the Boers. ||  || * The Boers fled the Cape Colony.


 * New Zealand ||  || * First arrival of British farmers in the early 1850's.
 * The new settlers occupied most of the fertile land.
 * Drove back the resistance from the Maori people. ||  || * Turned the internal administrations of the island over the settlers' representatives. ||   || * Maori fought back to recover their fertile land.
 * Knowledge of Western culture allowed the Maori to hold their own interactions.
 * The Maori were also able to preserve much of value in their culture. ||

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> Since the beginning of the 19th century, and extending to the 20th century, a wave of nationalism arose and swept throughout Europe and the Americas. This new sense of pride and loyalty to a country played a key role in the ignition of revolutionary independence movements in America and the desire for power and to boost the economy, in the case of Europe. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> However, the roots of nationalism rely on industrialization. As the countries began to industrialize, and to adopt new technologies, mass consumism spread and products linked with the national identitity were the favorities. Also, the countries started to build up very strong militaries and navies, ready to defend the national territory. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> As the countries built new military weapons and strategies, they were able to take over other territories and control them, usually by force. This was the imperialist policy. European countries were compiting against each other to see which seize and control more foreign territory. This was very benefitial because it would allow the explotion of natural resoruces, such as gold and diamonds, and thus to increase the wealth of the countires. It also would allow to increase the countries' influences and the openness of other people to the market of certain goods, to obtain raw materials, and to be control the production of other certain goods, that sometimes created monopolies, thus increasing the power of trading companies. <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;"> In general, nationalism, industrialization and imperialism were strongly linked together and played important roles in the political relationships during these centuries. They would be the cause for the building of large empires, bringing many people together under a single rule and imposing foreign policies to benefit the so advanced European countries and exploit other territories. But also, they would be reason for already growing tensions, which eventually led to conflicts, not only within the empire, but among the imperialist countries, which engaged in war to demonstrate what nation was the best (technological and military speaking), strongest and more united.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;">12. Summary **